-
1 Stevens, John
[br]b. 1749 New York, New York, USAd. 6 March 1838 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA[br]American pioneer of steamboats and railways.[br]Stevens, a wealthy landowner with an estate at Hoboken on the Hudson River, had his attention drawn to the steamboat of John Fitch in 1786, and thenceforth devoted much of his time and fortune to developing steamboats and mechanical transport. He also had political influence and it was at his instance that Congress in 1790 passed an Act establishing the first patent laws in the USA. The following year Stevens was one of the first recipients of a US patent. This referred to multi-tubular boilers, of both watertube and firetube types, and antedated by many years the work of both Henry Booth and Marc Seguin on the latter.A steamboat built in 1798 by John Stevens, Nicholas J.Roosevelt and Stevens's brother-in-law, Robert R.Livingston, in association was unsuccessful, nor was Stevens satisfied with a boat built in 1802 in which a simple rotary steam-en-gine was mounted on the same shaft as a screw propeller. However, although others had experimented earlier with screw propellers, when John Stevens had the Little Juliana built in 1804 he produced the first practical screw steamboat. Steam at 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm2) pressure was supplied by a watertube boiler to a single-cylinder engine which drove two contra-rotating shafts, upon each of which was mounted a screw propeller. This little boat, less than 25 ft (7.6 m) long, was taken backwards and forwards across the Hudson River by two of Stevens's sons, one of whom, R.L. Stevens, was to help his father with many subsequent experiments. The boat, however, was ahead of its time, and steamships were to be driven by paddle wheels until the late 1830s.In 1807 John Stevens declined an invitation to join with Robert Fulton and Robert R.Living-ston in their development work, which culminated in successful operation of the PS Clermont that summer; in 1808, however, he launched his own paddle steamer, the Phoenix. But Fulton and Livingston had obtained an effective monopoly of steamer operation on the Hudson and, unable to reach agreement with them, Stevens sent Phoenix to Philadelphia to operate on the Delaware River. The intervening voyage over 150 miles (240 km) of open sea made Phoenix the first ocean-going steamer.From about 1810 John Stevens turned his attention to the possibilities of railways. He was at first considered a visionary, but in 1815, at his instance, the New Jersey Assembly created a company to build a railway between the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. It was the first railway charter granted in the USA, although the line it authorized remained unbuilt. To demonstrate the feasibility of the steam locomotive, Stevens built an experimental locomotive in 1825, at the age of 76. With flangeless wheels, guide rollers and rack-and-pinion drive, it ran on a circular track at his Hoboken home; it was the first steam locomotive to be built in America.[br]Bibliography1812, Documents Tending to Prove the Superior Advantages of Rail-ways and Steam-carriages over Canal Navigation.He took out patents relating to steam-engines in the USA in 1791, 1803, and 1810, and in England, through his son John Cox Stevens, in 1805.Further ReadingH.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin (provides technical details of Stevens's boats).J.T.Flexner, 1978, Steamboats Come True, Boston: Little, Brown (describes his work in relation to that of other steamboat pioneers).J.R.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1927) 7: 114 (discusses tubular boilers).J.R.Day and B.G.Wilson, 1957, Unusual Railways, F.Muller (discusses Stevens's locomotive).PJGR -
2 Belleville
1) Город [ township] на северо-востоке штата Нью-Джерси, на р. Пассаик [ Passaic River], к северу от г. Ньюарк [ Newark]. 35,9 тыс. жителей (2000). Производство электрооборудования, оптики, точных инструментов, огнетушителей и др. Основан голландцами около 1680, некоторое время был известен под названием Секонд-Ривер [Second River], в 1839 выделился из состава Ньюарка, статус города с 1910. В 1797-98 здесь сооружен один из первых паровых котлов для парохода Дж. Стивенса [ Stevens, John] "Маленькая Джулиана" ["Little Juliana"], совершившего рейсы по р. Хадсон [ Hudson River].2) Город на юго-западе штата Иллинойс, 41,4 тыс. жителей (2000). Административный центр [ county seat] округа Сент-Клэр [St. Clair County]. Пищевая промышленность, производство строительных материалов, горнорудного оборудования. Пищевая промышленность. В окрестностях добыча каменного угля. В пригороде - Авиабаза Скотт [ Scott Air Force Base] (1917). Основан около 1810, статус города с 1819, с 1828 сюда для работы на местных шахтах приезжали иммигранты из Германии. -
3 Stevens family
Семья изобретателей, пионеров речного пароходства и паровозной тяги на железных дорогах. Джон Стивенс [Stevens, John] (1749-1838) - инженер, участвовал во внедрении паровых машин на транспорте. Проявил интерес к транспорту на паровой тяге в конце 1780-х. В 1792 подал патентную заявку на усовершенствованный паровой котел и паровую машину, в 1804 построил первый винтовой пароход "Маленькая Джулиана" ["Little Juliana"], который несколько раз пересек р. Хадсон [ Hudson River] (первая в мире паромная переправа на паровой тяге), а в 1809 колесный пароход Стивенса "Феникс" впервые совершил плавание по океану из Нью-Йорка в Филадельфию. С 1810 занялся созданием паровозов. В 1826 построил первый паровоз, который курсировал по замкнутой кольцевой железной дороге в его имении в г. Хобокене, шт. Нью-Джерси. Второй сын Джона Роберт Ливингстон [Stevens, Robert Livingston] (1787-1859) - инженер-механик и изобретатель - участвовал в проектировании более 20 паромов и пароходов. Сконструировал паромные сходни. В 1830 изобрел рельс таврового сечения, а также железнодорожный костыль и усовершенствовал систему строительства железнодорожного полотна. Шестой сын Джона Эдвин Огастес [Stevens, Edwin Augustus] (1795-1868) - инженер, финансист, изобретатель и филантроп - вел финансовые дела семьи. В 1823 изобрел вид плуга. В 1844 продемонстрировал возможность строительства судов с железными бортами. Был казначеем и президентом железной дороги "Камден-Амбой" [Camden and Amboy Railroad]. Завещал средства на создание в г. Хобокене Стивенсовского технологического института [ Stevens Institute of Technology]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Stevens family
-
4 Stevens, Robert Livingston
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 18 October 1787 Hoboken, New Jersey, USAd. 20 April 1856 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA[br]American engineer, pioneer of steamboats and railways.[br]R.L.Stevens was the son of John Stevens and was given the technical education his father lacked. He assisted his father with the Little Juliana and the Phoenix, managed the commercial operation of the Phoenix on the Delaware River, and subsequently built many other steamboats.In 1830 he and his brother Edwin A.Stevens obtained a charter from the New Jersey Legislature for the Camden \& Amboy Railroad \& Transportation Company, and he visited Britain to obtain rails and a locomotive. Railway track in the USA then normally comprised longitudinal timber rails with running surfaces of iron straps, but Stevens designed rails of flat-bottom section, which were to become standard, and had the first batch rolled in Wales. He also designed hookheaded spikes for them, and "iron tongues", which became fishplates. From Robert Stephenson \& Co. (see Robert Stephenson) he obtained the locomotive John Bull, which was similar to the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Samson. The Camden \& Amboy Railroad was opened in 1831, but John Bull, a 0–4–0, proved over sensitive to imperfections in the track; Stevens and his mechanic, Isaac Dripps, added a two-wheeled non-swivelling "pilot" at the front to guide it round curves. The locomotive survives at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.[br]Further ReadingH.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin.J.H.White Jr, 1979, A History of the American Locomotive—Its Development: 1830– 1880, New York: Dover Publications Inc.J.F.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.PJGRBiographical history of technology > Stevens, Robert Livingston
См. также в других словарях:
Juliana de Norwich — Juliana de Norwich. Juliana de Norwich (Julian of Norwich, en inglés; c. 8 de noviembre de 1342 – c. 1416) es considerada una de las más grandes escritoras místicas de Inglaterra. Es venerada por la Iglesia de Inglaterra y la Iglesia Católica. Le … Wikipedia Español
Juliana (poem) — Juliana [Exeter Book, fol.65b 76a] , is one of the four signed poems ascribed to the mysterious poet, Cynewulf. It is his second longest piece at 731 lines, although, at some time the manuscript was damaged so that presently we are missing two… … Wikipedia
Juliana of Norwich — • Biographical article on this fourteenth century English anchoress, mystic, author. By Edmund Gardner Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Juliana of Norwich Juliana of Norwich … Catholic encyclopedia
Juliana Hatfield — Infobox musical artist Name = Juliana Hatfield Img capt = Juliana Hatfield performing in 2006 Img size = 260px Background = solo singer Birth name = Born = Birth date and age|1967|7|27|mf=y Origin = Wiscasset, Maine, United States Genre = Indie… … Wikipedia
Juliana Berners — Dame Juliana Berners Born c. 1388 Nationality English Occupation writer, nun … Wikipedia
Anicia Juliana — (ca. 462 ca. 528) was a Roman imperial princess, the daughter of the Western Roman Emperor Olybrius, of the House of Anicii, by Placidia. Her maternal grandparents were Valentinian III and Licinia Eudoxia.With her husband, the Gothic general… … Wikipedia
Lady Juliana — (also known as the Lady Julian) was a convict ship dispatched in 1789 from Britain to Australia. She was the first convict ship to arrive at Port Jackson in New South Wales after the First Fleet. She is therefore sometimes considered as part of… … Wikipedia
Barbara Juliana, Baroness von Krüdener — (Beate Barbara) Juliane, Baroness von Krüdener (November 22, 1764 – December 25, 1824) was a Russian religious mystic and author. Von Krüdener was born in Riga, Livonia. Her father, Otto Hermann von Vietinghoff Scheel, who had fought as a colonel … Wikipedia
Two Little Boys — is a popular song written by Theodore Morse and Edward Madden. It was written in 1902 and it became a popular music hall song hit of the time made popular by Harry Lauder. In 1969 it was revived in popularity when during a tour of Arnhem Land in… … Wikipedia
Berners, Dame Juliana — ▪ English prioress flourished 1460 English prioress and author of A Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle (1496), the earliest known volume on sport fishing. Berners s work predates Englishman Izaak Walton s The Compleat Angler (1653), the… … Universalium
John Stevens (Ingenieur) — John Stevens (* 1749; † 3. März 1838) war Schatzmeister von New Jersey im amerikanischen Revolutionskrieg. Zum Ende des Krieges erwarb er das Land, auf dem später Hoboken liegen sollte. Er war als Ingenieur tätig, galt als Erfinder und war… … Deutsch Wikipedia
